Key Factors of Rural Households’ Willingness to Pay for Cleaner Heating in Hebi: A Case Study in Northern China

As coal-fired heating in winter rural areas of northern China exacerbates air pollution, promoting cleaner transition is significance for environmental sustainability. However, this difficult as intentions and actions households are deficient. This case study aims to estimate households’ willingness pay (WTP) facilities energy explore its key factors. The survey-based analysis found that the total annual WTP (sum per year) varied from RMB 250 6800 (RMB 100 ≈ USD 15 2018), with a quite low average huge difference. variation can be attributed economic demographic features attitudes households. Improvement household income concern will enhance heating, but high vacancy rate aging population generally inhibit it. Based on study, some policy suggestions were proposed promote households; specifically, more attention should paid poor aged